The most basic operations that needs to be done will be the value loading. These operations have to do with loading a binary, decimal or hexadecimal value on the W register or to a register. Before we start with the instructions, it would be good to explain how to choose each time a different base for your value loading:

The 8-bit 16F88 micro controller can load binary values up to 8-bits. If you try to load binary values larger than 8-bits, only the first 8 bits will be taken into account and the rest will be omitted. To represent a binary value you use the following type:

• b'10101010'

The 'b' letter before the value tells the compiler that a binary number follows. The quote are necessary to be added. Just like the decimal human-orientated base, if a binary number needs less than 8-bits to be represented, all zeros on the left side of the number can be omitted. For example, the decimal number 234 is the same as the 000234. The following example represents the decimal number 30 in binary form with two equal ways:

• b'00011110'
• b'11110'

The decimal base is human-orientated. This means that it is easier to understand the number 131 what means, rather than to see it in binary (b'10000011') or hexadecimal (0x83) base. The 16F88 8-bit system can handle decimal values up to 255 (b'11111111'). Same as above, if a larger number is entered, the higher bits will be omitted. To represent a decimal number, you follow the next type:

• d'35'

The letter 'd' before the number tells the compiler that a decimal number will follow. The quotes are necessary.

That is another useful base that you may need to know how to use. It is most useful because number representations such as memory positions use this base. To represent a hexadecimal number, you use the follow form:

• 0xa2

Unlike before, the type does not require a letter before the number. Instead, the '0x' is used and no quotes should enclose the number. The 8-bit system that we use can handle hexadecimal numbers up to 0xff. Larger numbers will act as previously mentioned.

Now, let's see the instructions one by one:

A most basic instruction is the literal value loading. As you will see, there is no direct way of loading a literal value to a file register. First, the value needs to be loaded to the W register and the W register shall be moved to the file register. This instruction affects to no Status bits.

          movlw b'11011010';A binary value is loaded to the W register
          movlw d'218'     ;The same value in decimal base  is loaded to the W register
          movlw 0xda       ;The same value in hex base  is loaded to the W register

This instruction is used to move the value in the W register to the file register 'f'. This instruction affects to no Status bits.

;This example requires that you have declare a file register for example
;TempRegister          equ 0x20  
          movlw d'80'             ;the W register has the decimal value '80'
          movwf TempRegister      ;The TempRegister register has now the value '80'

This instruction is used to load a value from the file register. If d is 0 the value will be loaded to the W register, if d is 1 the value will be loaded back to the file register 'f'. The status that may be affected from this instruction are:

• Z - Zero

There is a strange operation with this instruction. If you call it with the destination 'd'=1, then a value will be loaded from register 'f' back to register 'f'. So what? This instruction with destination 'd'=1 is used only to test for zero register. Because it has an affect on the Zero Status, if the register loaded is '0', the Zero Status shall be set on call. The instruction works the same way if the destination was 0 (W register) but it could be so that we want to test for zero register without destroying the W register.

;This example requires that you have declare a file register for example
;TempRegister          equ 0x20  
          movlw d'80'             ;the W register has the decimal value '80'
          movwf TempRegister      ;The TempRegister register has now the value '80'
          movlw d'10'             ;the W register has the decimal value '10'
          movf TempRegister,0     ;The W register has now the decimal value '80'
   

Previous page ---- Next page

Basics       What will you need       Choosing the right PICThe MPLAB       Getting familiar with the MPLAB environment       Creating a new project       Open and close projects       Creating new files and including them in the project       Your very first assembly program       Compile a program and transfer to the PICSection 1: Beginner's theoryMemory Organization       The Data Memory Organization       The Program Memory OrganizationThe instructions       General knowledge about instructions       Value Loading Instructions       Program Flow Instructions       Mathematic Instructions       Logic Function Instructions       Bit Orientated Instructions       Byte Orientated Instructions       Miscellaneous InstructionsThe Basic Special Function Registers       The Status Register       The Option_Reg Register       The TRIS and PORT registersBeginner's PIC Tutorials       How to use our PIC Tutorials       A Pushbutton turning an LED on and off       A Simple LED Flasher       Interfacing Multiple Switches - The internal Pull-Up resistors       An LED Sequencer       Interface a Single 7seg Digit       Interface Multiple 7seg Digits       A 3-digits Decimal Counter       A Clever ButtonSection 2: Intermediate theory       Instruction Cycle Duration and Calculated Delays       The Timer Modules - Timer0       The Timer Modules - Timer1       The Timer Modules-Timer2

Go back to the book contents

Go to the discussion forum of this book

Name   Email (shall not be published)   Website Notify me of new posts via email Write your comments below: BEFORE you post a comment:You are welcome to comment for corrections and suggestions on this page. But if you have questions please use the forum instead to post it. Thank you.